Theme 8: Alternative Energy

Unit Vocabulary

Fossil Fuels & Non-Renewable

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
coal	n.	/kəʊl/	kömür	Many power plants still burn coal for electricity.
consumption	n.	/kənˈsʌmpʃən/	tüketim	Energy consumption has increased dramatically.
deficit	n.	/ˈdefɪsɪt/	açık, eksik	The country faces a serious energy deficit.
finite	adj.	/ˈfaɪnaɪt/	sınırlı	Fossil fuels are finite resources.
fossil fuels	n.	/ˈfɒsəl fjuːəlz/	fosil yakıtlar	Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.
infrastructure	n.	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/	altyapı	The energy infrastructure needs to be updated.
malfunction	n.	/mælˈfʌŋkʃən/	arıza	A malfunction at the power plant caused a blackout.
manufacture	v.	/ˌmænjuˈfæktʃər/	üretmek	The company manufactures solar panels.
natural gas	n.	/ˈnætʃrəl ɡæs/	doğalgaz	Natural gas is used for heating homes.
non-renewable	adj.	/ˌnɒn rɪˈnjuːəbəl/	yenilenemeyen	Oil is a non-renewable energy source.
nuclear	adj.	/ˈnjuːkliər/	nükleer	Nuclear energy is controversial but powerful.
oil	n.	/ɔɪl/	petrol	The world’s oil reserves are decreasing.
overuse	v.	/ˌəʊvəˈjuːz/	aşırı kullanmak	We should not overuse natural resources.
source	n.	/sɔːs/	kaynak	The sun is a clean source of energy.
timescale	n.	/ˈtaɪmskeɪl/	zaman ölçeği	Fossil fuels take millions of years on a geological timescale.

Renewable Energy

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
biomass	n.	/ˈbaɪəʊmæs/	biyokütle	Biomass energy comes from organic materials.
generate	v.	/ˈdʒenəreɪt/	üretmek	Wind farms generate electricity for thousands of homes.
geothermal	adj.	/ˌdʒiːəʊˈθɜːməl/	jeotermal	Iceland uses geothermal energy for heating.
hydropower	n.	/ˈhaɪdrəʊpaʊər/	hidroelektrik enerji	Hydropower is generated from flowing water.
renewable	adj.	/rɪˈnjuːəbəl/	yenilenebilir	Solar and wind are renewable energy sources.
replace	v.	/rɪˈpleɪs/	değiştirmek, yerine koymak	We must replace fossil fuels with clean energy.
replenish	v.	/rɪˈplenɪʃ/	yenilemek, doldurmak	Renewable resources can replenish themselves naturally.
solar	adj.	/ˈsəʊlər/	güneşe ait	Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity.
stable	adj.	/ˈsteɪbəl/	istikrarlı	Geothermal energy provides a stable power supply.
sustainable	adj.	/səˈsteɪnəbəl/	sürdürülebilir	We need sustainable solutions for the future.
turbine	n.	/ˈtɜːbaɪn/	türbin	Wind turbines are installed along the coast.
wind	n.	/wɪnd/	rüzgar	Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing sources.

Environment & Sustainability

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
climate change	n.	/ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/	iklim değişikliği	Climate change affects the entire planet.
currently	adv.	/ˈkʌrəntli/	şu anda	The country currently relies on fossil fuels.
definitely	adv.	/ˈdefɪnətli/	kesinlikle	We definitely need to reduce emissions.
deforestation	n.	/diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/	orman tahribatı	Deforestation contributes to global warming.
disposable	adj.	/dɪˈspəʊzəbəl/	tek kullanımlık	Avoid using disposable plastic products.
eco-friendly	adj.	/ˌiːkəʊ ˈfrendli/	çevre dostu	We should use eco-friendly products.
emission	n.	/ɪˈmɪʃən/	salınım	Carbon emissions must be reduced urgently.
excessive	adj.	/ɪkˈsesɪv/	aşırı	Excessive energy use harms the environment.
global warming	n.	/ˌɡləʊbəl ˈwɔːmɪŋ/	küresel ısınma	Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases.
greenhouse gas	n.	/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs/	sera gazı	CO₂ is the most common greenhouse gas.
mainly	adv.	/ˈmeɪnli/	esas olarak	Pollution is mainly caused by factories.
mayor	n.	/meər/	belediye başkanı	The mayor announced a new green energy plan.
municipality	n.	/mjuːˌnɪsɪˈpæləti/	belediye	The municipality installed solar panels on public buildings.
ocean	n.	/ˈəʊʃən/	okyanus	Wave energy is generated from ocean currents.
pollution	n.	/pəˈluːʃən/	kirlilik	Air pollution is a major health risk.
rapidly	adv.	/ˈræpɪdli/	hızla	Renewable energy use is growing rapidly.
resident	n.	/ˈrezɪdənt/	sakin, ikamet eden	Local residents complained about the factory emissions.
retrain	v.	/riːˈtreɪn/	yeniden eğitmek	Coal workers need to be retrained for green jobs.
threat	n.	/θret/	tehdit	Climate change is a serious threat to wildlife.
urgent	adj.	/ˈɜːdʒənt/	acil	Reducing emissions is an urgent matter.
waste	n.	/weɪst/	atık, israf	Recycling helps reduce waste.

Grammar

Passive Voice — Present & Past Simple

Why do we use the Passive Voice?

When to use passive

When the action is more important than who does it

When the doer is unknown or obvious

In formal, scientific & news writing

Eylemi yapanın kim olduğu önemli değilse veya bilinmiyorsa edilgen çatı kullanılır.

Present Simple Passive

Subject + is / are + past participle (V3) + (by agent)

Active	Passive
They generate electricity from wind.	Electricity is generated from wind.
Factories cause air pollution.	Air pollution is caused by factories.
People use solar panels in many countries.	Solar panels are used in many countries.

Past Simple Passive

Subject + was / were + past participle (V3) + (by agent)

Active	Passive
They built a new wind farm last year.	A new wind farm was built last year.
The government banned single-use plastics.	Single-use plastics were banned by the government.
Engineers installed solar panels on the roof.	Solar panels were installed on the roof.

Negative & Question Forms

Type	Present	Past
Negative	is/are + not + V3	was/were + not + V3
Question	Is/Are + subject + V3?	Was/Were + subject + V3?

Examples

Negative: Coal is not used in this region anymore.

Bu bölgede artık kömür kullanılmıyor.

Question: Are solar panels manufactured in Turkey?

Güneş panelleri Türkiye’de üretiliyor mu?

Describing Problems & Offering Solutions

Making Complaints

Expression	Example
I’d like to complain about…	I’d like to complain about the factory emissions in our area.
The problem is that…	The problem is that too much energy is wasted.
Something must be done about…	Something must be done about air pollution.
It’s unacceptable that…	It’s unacceptable that rivers are still being polluted.

Offering Solutions

Expression	Example
We should + V	We should invest more in renewable energy.
One solution is to + V	One solution is to install solar panels on every building.
If we + V, we can/will + V	If we reduce emissions, we can slow down global warming.
The government needs to + V	The government needs to ban single-use plastics.