Theme 5: Psychology

Unit Vocabulary

Positive Moods & Feelings

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
amused	adj.	/əˈmjuːzd/	eğlenmiş, hoşlanmış	She was amused by the children’s silly jokes.
calm	adj.	/kɑːm/	sakin	Try to stay calm during the exam.
cheerful	adj.	/ˈtʃɪəfʊl/	neşeli, keyifli	She has a cheerful personality that makes everyone smile.
confident	adj.	/ˈkɒnfɪdənt/	kendine güvenen	He felt confident before the presentation.
determined	adj.	/dɪˈtɜːmɪnd/	kararlı	She is determined to pass the English exam.
excited	adj.	/ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/	heyecanlı	The students were excited about the school trip.
grateful	adj.	/ˈɡreɪtfʊl/	minnettar	I am grateful for your support and help.
hopeful	adj.	/ˈhəʊpfʊl/	umutlu	She feels hopeful about the future.
joyful	adj.	/ˈdʒɔɪfʊl/	sevinçli, neşeli	It was a joyful moment for the whole family.
optimistic	adj.	/ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/	iyimser	She is always optimistic about life.
peaceful	adj.	/ˈpiːsfʊl/	huzurlu	The garden is a peaceful place to relax.
pleased	adj.	/pliːzd/	memnun	The teacher was pleased with the results.
proud	adj.	/praʊd/	gururlu	Her parents are proud of her achievements.
refreshed	adj.	/rɪˈfreʃt/	dinlenmiş, tazelenmiş	I felt refreshed after a good night’s sleep.
relaxed	adj.	/rɪˈlækst/	rahat, gevşemiş	She felt relaxed after the yoga class.
thrilled	adj.	/θrɪld/	çok heyecanlı	He was thrilled to meet his favourite singer.
welcoming	adj.	/ˈwelkəmɪŋ/	sıcakkanlı, davetkar	The host was very welcoming and kind.

Negative Moods & Feelings

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
annoyed	adj.	/əˈnɔɪd/	sinirlenmiş, rahatsız	She was annoyed by the loud noise.
anxious	adj.	/ˈæŋkʃəs/	endişeli, kaygılı	He felt anxious about the exam results.
apathetic	adj.	/ˌæpəˈθetɪk/	ilgisiz, kayıtsız	He seemed completely apathetic about the project.
confused	adj.	/kənˈfjuːzd/	kafası karışık	The instructions were unclear, so I felt confused.
depressed	adj.	/dɪˈprest/	bunalımlı, depresif	She felt depressed after losing her job.
desperate	adj.	/ˈdespərət/	çaresiz, umutsuz	He was desperate for help with his problems.
fearful	adj.	/ˈfɪəfʊl/	korkulu, korkan	The child was fearful of the dark.
homesick	adj.	/ˈhəʊmsɪk/	yurt özlemi çeken	She felt homesick during her first week at university.
miserable	adj.	/ˈmɪzrəbəl/	perişan, mutsuz	The rainy weather made him feel miserable.
nervous	adj.	/ˈnɜːvəs/	gergin, tedirgin	He was nervous before the job interview.
pessimistic	adj.	/ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/	kötümser	Don’t be pessimistic — things will get better.
scared	adj.	/skeəd/	korkmuş	She was scared of speaking in public.
sentimental	adj.	/ˌsentɪˈmentəl/	duygusal	She gets sentimental when she looks at old photos.
stressed	adj.	/strest/	stresli, gergin	Students often feel stressed during exam periods.
uneager	adj.	/ʌnˈiːɡə/	isteksiz	He was uneager to participate in the activity.

Psychology & Well-being

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
adapt	v.	/əˈdæpt/	uyum sağlamak	It takes time to adapt to a new environment.
adventurous	adj.	/ədˈventʃərəs/	maceracı	She has an adventurous personality and loves travelling.
ambitious	adj.	/æmˈbɪʃəs/	hırslı	He is ambitious and wants to become a doctor.
authoritative	adj.	/ɔːˈθɒrɪtətɪv/	otoriter, yetkili	The counselor had a calm but authoritative voice.
boost	v.	/buːst/	artırmak, yükseltmek	Exercise can boost your mood and energy.
certain	adj.	/ˈsɜːtən/	emin, kesin	Are you certain about your decision?
completely	adv.	/kəmˈpliːtli/	tamamen	She was completely exhausted after the long day.
content	n.	/ˈkɒntent/	içerik	The content of his diary revealed his true feelings.
counselor	n.	/ˈkaʊnsələr/	danışman, rehber	The school counselor helped students with their problems.
distract	v.	/dɪˈstrækt/	dikkatini dağıtmak	Try not to distract yourself with social media.
emotional storm	n.	/ɪˈməʊʃənəl stɔːm/	duygusal fırtına	Teenagers often experience emotional storms.
fear of failure	n.	/fɪər əv ˈfeɪljər/	başarısızlık korkusu	His fear of failure stopped him from trying new things.
ground	v.	/ɡraʊnd/	sakinleştirmek	Deep breathing can help ground your emotions.
intensely	adv.	/ɪnˈtensli/	yoğun bir şekilde	She felt the sadness intensely after the loss.
mood	n.	/muːd/	ruh hali	Music can change your mood quickly.
neutral	adj.	/ˈnjuːtrəl/	tarafsız, nötr	Try to keep a neutral tone when giving feedback.
quickly	adv.	/ˈkwɪkli/	hızlı bir şekilde	Moods can change quickly, especially in teenagers.
reduce	v.	/rɪˈdjuːs/	azaltmak	Exercise helps reduce stress and anxiety.
self-esteem	n.	/ˌself ɪˈstiːm/	öz güven, öz saygı	Positive feedback can improve students’ self-esteem.
serotonin	n.	/ˌserəˈtəʊnɪn/	serotonin	Sunlight increases serotonin levels in the brain.
slowly	adv.	/ˈsləʊli/	yavaşça	She slowly started to feel better after therapy.
strength	n.	/streŋθ/	güç, kuvvet	Patience is one of her greatest strengths.
suffer	v.	/ˈsʌfər/	acı çekmek	Many students suffer from exam stress.
thoughtful	adj.	/ˈθɔːtfʊl/	düşünceli	He is a thoughtful person who always considers others.
weakness	n.	/ˈwiːknəs/	zayıflık	Everyone has strengths and weaknesses.

Grammar

Adjectives of Feeling — Describing Mood

-ed Adjectives (How You Feel)

Subject + feel / am / look / seem + adjective (-ed)

Expression	Example
I am/feel + excited	I feel excited about the school trip.
She looks + confused	She looks confused by the instructions.
He seems + depressed	He seems depressed lately.
They were + thrilled	They were thrilled to hear the news.
We felt + relaxed	We felt relaxed after the meditation.

Common -ed / -ing Pairs

Adjective (-ed) = How you feel	Adjective (-ing) = What causes the feeling
amused	amusing
annoyed	annoying
confused	confusing
depressed	depressing
excited	exciting
scared	scary (note: irregular)

Key Difference

-ed = the person’s feeling — I am bored. (Ben sıkıldım.)

-ing = what causes the feeling — The movie is boring. (Film sıkıcı.)

Q: How do you feel today?

A: I feel a bit anxious about the exam.

Q: What makes you feel happy?

A: Spending time with friends makes me feel cheerful.

Giving Advice — Making Suggestions to Change Mood

Structures for Giving Advice

should / had better / Why don’t you…? / If I were you…

Structure	Example
You should + V	You should talk to a counselor.
You shouldn’t + V	You shouldn’t skip meals when you feel stressed.
You had better + V	You had better get some rest tonight.
You had better not + V	You had better not stay up too late.
Why don’t you + V?	Why don’t you try meditation?
If I were you, I would + V	If I were you, I would exercise more.
You could try + V-ing	You could try talking to a friend.

Responding to Advice

Response	Example
That’s a good idea.	A: You should exercise. B: That’s a good idea.
I’ll try that.	A: Why don’t you meditate? B: I’ll try that.
I’m not sure about that.	A: You should see a doctor. B: I’m not sure about that.