Theme 3: Human Rights

Unit Vocabulary

Rights, Freedom & Justice

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
declaration	n.	/ˌdekləˈreɪʃən/	bildiri, beyanname	The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.
deserve	v.	/dɪˈzɜːv/	hak etmek	Everyone deserves to be treated with respect.
dignity	n.	/ˈdɪɡnɪti/	onur, haysiyet	All people should be treated with dignity.
equality	n.	/ɪˈkwɒlɪti/	eşitlik	Equality means treating everyone fairly.
equally	adv.	/ˈiːkwəli/	eşit olarak	Men and women should be treated equally.
fair	adj.	/feər/	adil	Every citizen deserves a fair trial.
freedom	n.	/ˈfriːdəm/	özgürlük	Freedom of speech is a fundamental right.
fundamental	adj.	/ˌfʌndəˈmentəl/	temel	Education is a fundamental human right.
gender	n.	/ˈdʒendər/	cinsiyet	Gender equality is important in every society.
human	adj.	/ˈhjuːmən/	insani, insan	Human rights belong to everyone.
independence	n.	/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/	bağımsızlık	Countries fought for their independence.
innocent	adj.	/ˈɪnəsənt/	masum	An innocent person should not be punished.
justice	n.	/ˈdʒʌstɪs/	adalet	Justice must be served for everyone equally.
law	n.	/lɔː/	yasa, kanun	The law protects the rights of all citizens.
liberty	n.	/ˈlɪbəti/	özgürlük, hürriyet	The statue symbolises liberty and freedom.
privacy	n.	/ˈprɪvəsi/	gizlilik, mahremiyet	Everyone has the right to privacy.
privilege	n.	/ˈprɪvɪlɪdʒ/	ayrıcalık	Education should be a right, not a privilege.
protect	v.	/prəˈtekt/	korumak	Laws should protect the weak and vulnerable.
prove	v.	/pruːv/	kanıtlamak	You must prove someone is guilty before punishing them.
religion	n.	/rɪˈlɪdʒən/	din	Freedom of religion is protected by law.
respect	n./v.	/rɪˈspekt/	saygı; saygı göstermek	We should respect every person’s rights.
right	n.	/raɪt/	hak	Clean water is a basic right for everyone.
safety	n.	/ˈseɪfti/	güvenlik	The safety of children must be our priority.
shield	n.	/ʃiːld/	kalkan, koruma	The law acts as a shield against injustice.
trial	n.	/ˈtraɪəl/	dava, yargılama	Everyone has the right to a fair trial.
vote	n.	/vəʊt/	oy, oy vermek	Every citizen has the right to vote.

Problems & Injustice

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
abuse	n.	/əˈbjuːs/	istismar, kötüye kullanma	Child abuse is a serious crime.
blame	v.	/bleɪm/	suçlamak	Don’t blame others for your mistakes.
bribery	n.	/ˈbraɪbəri/	rüşvet	Bribery is illegal in most countries.
challenge	n.	/ˈtʃælɪndʒ/	zorluk, meydan okuma	Poverty is a major challenge in many countries.
condemn	v.	/kənˈdem/	kınamak	We strongly condemn all forms of violence.
crime	n.	/kraɪm/	suç	Torture is a crime against humanity.
deprive	v.	/dɪˈpraɪv/	mahrum bırakmak	No one should be deprived of their basic rights.
disadvantaged	adj.	/ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒd/	dezavantajlı	We should help disadvantaged communities.
discrimination	n.	/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/	ayrımcılık	Discrimination based on race or gender is unacceptable.
guilty	adj.	/ˈɡɪlti/	suçlu	The jury found him guilty of the crime.
homeless	adj.	/ˈhəʊmləs/	evsiz	Many homeless people need shelter and food.
poverty	n.	/ˈpɒvəti/	yoksulluk	Millions of people live in extreme poverty.
prejudiced	adj.	/ˈpredʒʊdɪst/	önyargılı	A prejudiced person judges others unfairly.
slavery	n.	/ˈsleɪvəri/	kölelik	Slavery was abolished in the 19th century.
struggle	v.	/ˈstrʌɡəl/	mücadele etmek	Many people struggle for their basic rights.
torture	n.	/ˈtɔːtʃər/	işkence	Torture is strictly prohibited by international law.
unfair	adj.	/ˌʌnˈfeər/	adaletsiz, haksız	It is unfair to treat people differently because of their gender.
violate	v.	/ˈvaɪəleɪt/	ihlal etmek	No one has the right to violate human rights.

Solutions & Action

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
adequate	adj.	/ˈædɪkwət/	yeterli	Everyone deserves adequate healthcare.
awareness	n.	/əˈweənəs/	farkındalık	We should raise awareness about human rights.
charity	n.	/ˈtʃærɪti/	hayır kurumu	The charity provides food for homeless people.
clearly	adv.	/ˈklɪəli/	açıkça	The law clearly states that everyone is equal.
contribution	n.	/ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃən/	katkı	Your contribution can make a big difference.
directly	adv.	/dɪˈrektli/	doğrudan	Poverty directly affects children’s education.
distinguished	adj.	/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/	seçkin, tanınmış	A distinguished lawyer defended the case.
donation	n.	/dəʊˈneɪʃən/	bağış	They made a generous donation to the charity.
fund	n.	/fʌnd/	fon, kaynak	The fund supports education for disadvantaged children.
gather	v.	/ˈɡæðər/	toplamak, bir araya gelmek	People gathered to protest against injustice.
insurance	n.	/ɪnˈʃʊərəns/	sigorta	Health insurance should be available to everyone.
nonprofit	adj.	/ˌnɒnˈprɒfɪt/	kar amacı gütmeyen	She works for a nonprofit organisation.
officially	adv.	/əˈfɪʃəli/	resmi olarak	The new law was officially announced yesterday.
physically	adv.	/ˈfɪzɪkli/	fiziksel olarak	No one should be physically harmed.
possibly	adv.	/ˈpɒsɪbli/	muhtemelen, belki	This is possibly the biggest challenge we face.
senior	adj.	/ˈsiːniər/	yaşlı, kıdemli	Senior citizens deserve special care and respect.
tightly	adv.	/ˈtaɪtli/	sıkıca	Human rights should be tightly protected by law.
volunteer	n.	/ˌvɒlənˈtɪər/	gönüllü	She works as a volunteer at the refugee centre.
wage	n.	/weɪdʒ/	ücret, maaş	Workers should receive a fair wage.
widely	adv.	/ˈwaɪdli/	geniş çapta	The rights are widely recognised around the world.

Grammar

Making Suggestions

Suggestion Structures

should / ought to / had better + base verb

Structure	Example
should + V	We should protect the rights of every citizen.
ought to + V	Governments ought to provide equal education.
had better + V	We’d better take action before it is too late.
shouldn’t + V	People shouldn’t discriminate against others.
had better not + V	You’d better not ignore these problems.

Question & Informal Suggestions

Structure	Example
Why don’t we…?	Why don’t we organise a charity event?
How about + V-ing?	How about raising awareness on social media?
What about + V-ing?	What about volunteering at a shelter?
Let’s + V	Let’s stand up for human rights.
I suggest + V-ing	I suggest donating to a nonprofit organisation.

Q: What should we do to help disadvantaged people?

A: We should donate to charities and volunteer in our communities.

Q: How about organising a fundraiser at school?

A: That’s a great idea! Let’s do it.

should vs. had better

should — genel öneri, tavsiye (general advice)

You should read about human rights. (Okumalısın — tavsiye)

had better — güçlü uyarı, yapmazsan kötü sonuç olabilir (strong warning)

You’d better stop discriminating. (Dur, yoksa… — uyarı)

Discussing Problems & Offering Solutions

Describing Problems

There is a serious problem of… | Many people suffer from…

Expression	Example
There is a serious problem of…	There is a serious problem of poverty in many countries.
Many people suffer from…	Many people suffer from discrimination every day.
One of the biggest challenges is…	One of the biggest challenges is providing education for all.

Offering Solutions

Expression	Example
One solution is to…	One solution is to increase donations to charities.
The government should…	The government should pass stronger laws against discrimination.
We need to…	We need to raise awareness about human rights.
It is essential to…	It is essential to protect the rights of all people.