Theme 10: Manners

Unit Vocabulary

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
apology	n.	/əˈpɒlədʒi/	özür	She offered a sincere apology for her mistake.
bond	n./v.	/bɒnd/	bağ, bağ kurmak	They have a strong bond of friendship.
buddy	n.	/ˈbʌdi/	arkadaş, kanka	My buddy and I go to the gym together.
colleague	n.	/ˈkɒliːɡ/	iş arkadaşı	She apologized to her colleague for the misunderstanding.
farewell	adj.	/feəˈwel/	veda	They organized a farewell party for their teacher.
frank	adj.	/fræŋk/	açık sözlü, samimi	She is always very frank about her opinions.
icebreaker	n.	/ˈaɪsbreɪkər/	buz kırıcı	The teacher used an icebreaker activity at the start.
impolite	adj.	/ˌɪmpəˈlaɪt/	kaba	It is impolite to talk with your mouth full.
manner	n.	/ˈmænər/	görgü, tavır	Good manners are important in every culture.
polite	adj.	/pəˈlaɪt/	kibar	It is polite to say “thank you” after receiving a gift.
proponent	n.	/prəˈpəʊnənt/	savunucu, taraftar	She is a strong proponent of cultural exchange.
respect	n./v.	/rɪˈspekt/	saygı; saygı duymak	We should respect different cultures.
tip	v.	/tɪp/	bahşiş vermek	In some countries, it is common to tip the waiter.
treat	v.	/triːt/	davranmak	You should treat everyone with kindness.
whisper	v.	/ˈwɪspər/	fısıldamak	It is polite to whisper in a library.

Cultural Concepts

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
claim	v.	/kleɪm/	iddia etmek	He claims that tipping is unnecessary in his country.
common	adj.	/ˈkɒmən/	yaygın	Bowing is common in Japanese culture.
consider	v.	/kənˈsɪdər/	düşünmek, dikkate almak	You should consider other people’s feelings.
cultural practice	n.	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈpræktɪs/	kültürel uygulama	Greeting with a handshake is a cultural practice in many countries.
culture	n.	/ˈkʌltʃər/	kültür	Every culture has its own table manners.
diversity	n.	/daɪˈvɜːsəti/	çeşitlilik	Cultural diversity enriches our understanding of the world.
globalization	n.	/ˌɡləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/	küreselleşme	Globalization has brought different cultures closer.
intercultural	adj.	/ˌɪntəˈkʌltʃərəl/	kültürlerarası	Intercultural communication skills are essential today.
interpret	v.	/ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/	yorumlamak	People interpret body language differently in various cultures.
misconception	n.	/ˌmɪskənˈsepʃən/	yanlış anlaşılma	There are many misconceptions about different cultures.
prevent	v.	/prɪˈvent/	önlemek	Good communication can prevent misunderstandings.
slurp	v.	/slɜːp/	höpürdeterek içmek	In Japan, it is acceptable to slurp noodles.
specific	adj.	/spəˈsɪfɪk/	belirli, özel	Each culture has specific rules of politeness.
summit	n.	/ˈsʌmɪt/	zirve	The cultural summit brought leaders from around the world.
tolerance	n.	/ˈtɒlərəns/	hoşgörü	Tolerance is key to living in a multicultural society.
workshop	n.	/ˈwɜːkʃɒp/	atölye, çalıştay	They attended a workshop on intercultural communication.

Feelings & Reactions

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
dispute	v.	/dɪˈspjuːt/	tartışmak, itiraz etmek	They disputed over the rules of the game.
dissatisfaction	n.	/dɪsˌsætɪsˈfækʃən/	memnuniyetsizlik	He expressed his dissatisfaction with the service.
disturbance	n.	/dɪˈstɜːbəns/	rahatsızlık	He apologized for the disturbance.
favorable	adj.	/ˈfeɪvərəbəl/	olumlu	The review was very favorable.
fortunately	adv.	/ˈfɔːtʃənətli/	neyse ki	Fortunately, the misunderstanding was quickly resolved.
harshly	adv.	/ˈhɑːʃli/	sertçe	She regretted speaking to him so harshly.
postponement	n.	/pəʊstˈpəʊnmənt/	erteleme	The postponement of the meeting caused dissatisfaction.
react	v.	/riˈækt/	tepki vermek	How would you react if someone was impolite to you?
regret	n./v.	/rɪˈɡret/	pişmanlık; pişman olmak	I regret not learning about their culture earlier.
timely	adv.	/ˈtaɪmli/	zamanında	A timely apology can save a relationship.
unfavorable	adj.	/ʌnˈfeɪvərəbəl/	olumsuz	His behavior left an unfavorable impression.
unstable	adj.	/ʌnˈsteɪbəl/	dengesiz	The political situation made relations unstable.
wish	n./v.	/wɪʃ/	dilek; dilemek	I wish I had studied the local customs before visiting.

Grammar

Wish Clauses — Wishes & Regrets

Wish + Past Simple (Present Wishes)

I wish + subject + V2 (past simple)

We use this for situations we want to be different NOW

I wish I spoke Japanese. (But I don’t speak it.)

Keşke Japonca konuşsam. (Ama konuşamıyorum.)

She wishes she lived closer to her family.

Keşke ailesine daha yakın yaşasa.

I wish I were more patient. (were is used for all subjects)

Keşke daha sabırlı olsam.

Wish + Past Perfect (Past Regrets)

I wish + subject + had + V3 (past participle)

We use this for things we regret about the PAST

I wish I had learned the customs before visiting. (But I didn’t.)

Keşke ziyaret etmeden önce gelenekleri öğrenseydim.

He wishes he hadn’t spoken so harshly to her.

Keşke ona bu kadar sert konuşmasaydı.

They wish they had attended the cultural workshop.

Keşke kültürel çalıştaya katılsalardı.

Summary Table

Type	Structure	Example
Present wish	wish + V2	I wish I knew more about Japanese manners.
Past regret	wish + had V3	I wish I had apologized sooner.
Present (be)	wish + were	I wish I were more tolerant.

Apologizing & Expressing Regret

Apologizing

Expression	Example
I’m sorry for…	I’m sorry for being late to the meeting.
I apologize for…	I apologize for the disturbance last night.
Please forgive me for…	Please forgive me for forgetting your birthday.
I didn’t mean to…	I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.

Responding to Apologies

Expression	Example
That’s okay.	A: I’m sorry. B: That’s okay. Don’t worry about it.
No problem.	A: I apologize for the delay. B: No problem.
It doesn’t matter.	A: I’m sorry for the mistake. B: It doesn’t matter.
Apology accepted.	A: Please forgive me. B: Apology accepted.