Theme 9: My Friends | 11th Grade English

Vocabulary Focus

Personality traits (easygoing, loyal, compassionate)
Friendship & relationships (companion, bond, mutual)
Communication & clarification (clarify, elaborate, describe)

Grammar Focus

Relative Clauses — who, which, where, that
Defining vs. Non-defining relative clauses
Contact clauses (omitting the pronoun)

Unit Vocabulary

Personality & Traits

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
easygoing	adj.	/ˌiːziˈɡəʊɪŋ/	rahat, uyumlu	Find the student who is the most easygoing.
loyal	adj.	/ˈlɔɪəl/	sadık, vefalı	A loyal friend always stands by you.
trustworthy	adj.	/ˈtrʌstwɜːði/	güvenilir	She is the most trustworthy person I know.
generous	adj.	/ˈdʒenərəs/	cömert	He is a very generous person who helps everyone.
outgoing	adj.	/ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ/	dışa dönük, sosyal	She has an outgoing personality and loves meeting people.
compassionate	adj.	/kəmˈpæʃənət/	şefkatli, merhametli	True friends are compassionate and caring.
reliable	adj.	/rɪˈlaɪəbl/	güvenilir, itimat edilir	You need a reliable friend you can count on.
conservative	adj.	/kənˈsɜːvətɪv/	muhafazakâr, tutucu	My grandfather is quite conservative about traditions.
devoted	adj.	/dɪˈvəʊtɪd/	sadık, kendini adamış	She is a devoted friend who always supports you.
genius	adj./n.	/ˈdʒiːniəs/	dahi, dehâ	Einstein was a genius who changed the world of science.
humble	adj.	/ˈhʌmbl/	alçakgönüllü, mütevazı	Despite his success, he remains very humble.
mastermind	adj./n.	/ˈmɑːstəmaɪnd/	deha, beyni olan kişi	She was the mastermind behind the whole charity project.
notable	adj.	/ˈnəʊtəbl/	kayda değer, önemli	She has made notable contributions to education.
passionate	adj.	/ˈpæʃənət/	tutkulu	He is very passionate about helping others.

Friendship & Relationships

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
companion	n.	/kəmˈpænjən/	yoldaş, arkadaş	True companions are those who keep promises.
bond	n.	/bɒnd/	bağ	There is a strong bond between real friends.
acquaintance	n.	/əˈkweɪntəns/	tanıdık	He is not a close friend, just an acquaintance.
mutual	adj.	/ˈmjuːtʃuəl/	karşılıklı	Our friendship is based on mutual respect.
get along	phr. v.	/ɡet əˈlɒŋ/	iyi geçinmek	We get along very well with each other.
keep promises	phr.	/kiːp ˈprɒmɪsɪz/	söz tutmak	A true friend always keeps promises.
co-founder	n.	/ˌkəʊˈfaʊndə/	kurucu ortak	She is the co-founder of a charity organisation with her best friend.
have a soft spot for	idiom	/hæv ə sɒft spɒt fɔː/	birine/bir şeye zaafı olmak	I have a soft spot for my childhood friend.
fundraiser	n.	/ˈfʌndreɪzə/	bağış toplama etkinliği	They organised a fundraiser for children in need.
donation	n.	/dəʊˈneɪʃən/	bağış	They collected donations to help their community.
pay	v.	/peɪ/	ödemek	She always pays for her friends when they go out together.
raise	v.	/reɪz/	toplamak (para), yetiştirmek	They raised money for the school library together.
surgeon	n.	/ˈsɜːdʒən/	cerrah	Her friend is a surgeon who saves lives every day.
treadmill	n.	/ˈtredmɪl/	koşu bandı	We run on the treadmill together at the gym every morning.

Communication & Clarification

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
clarify	v.	/ˈklærəfaɪ/	açıklığa kavuşturmak	Could you clarify what you mean?
elaborate	v.	/ɪˈlæbəreɪt/	ayrıntılı açıklamak	Can you elaborate on that point?
describe	v.	/dɪˈskraɪb/	tanımlamak, tarif etmek	Please describe your best friend.
detail	n.	/ˈdiːteɪl/	ayrıntı	She explained every detail of her trip.
well-known	adj.	/ˌwelˈnəʊn/	tanınmış, ünlü	He is a well-known person in our school.
in other words	phr.	/ɪn ˈʌðə wɜːdz/	başka bir deyişle	He is modest; in other words, he doesn’t boast.
display	v.	/dɪˈspleɪ/	sergilemek, göstermek	She displays great kindness towards everyone she meets.
perspective	n.	/pəˈspektɪv/	bakış açısı	True friends help you see things from a different perspective.

Grammar

Relative Clauses — who, which, where, that

Defining Relative Clauses

… + noun + who / which / where / that + clause

Pronoun	Used for	Example
who / that	people	The man who you saw is my teacher.
which / that	things / animals	The book which I read was amazing.
where	places	The place where we went was beautiful.
whose	possession	The student whose father is a doctor lives here.

Non-defining Relative Clauses

… + noun + , who / which , + extra information

Examples

Mr. Richardson, who is our teacher of physics, is very kind.

Fizik öğretmenimiz Bay Richardson çok kibar biridir.

Istanbul, which is the largest city in Turkey, attracts millions of tourists.

Türkiye'nin en büyük şehri olan İstanbul milyonlarca turisti cezbeder.

Non-defining clauses use commas and CANNOT use “that”.

Mr. Richardson, who is our teacher… Mr. Richardson, that is our teacher…

Contact Clauses (Omitting the Pronoun)

When the relative pronoun is the object, you can omit it.

Examples

The man (that/who) you saw is our neighbour. The man you saw…

The book (that/which) I bought is interesting. The book I bought…

Gördüğün adam komşumuz. / Aldığım kitap ilginç.

Assimilation & Elision in Connected Speech

Assimilation

A sound changes to become more similar to a neighbouring sound.

Written Form	Spoken Form	What Happens
Good boy	/gʊb bɔɪ/	/d/ /b/ before /b/
Good girl	/gʊg gɜːl/	/d/ /g/ before /g/
Ten pens	/tem penz/	/n/ /m/ before /p/

Elision

A sound is dropped (not pronounced) in fast, connected speech.

Written Form	Spoken Form	Dropped Sound
and	/ən/	/d/ is dropped
last year	/lɑːs jɪə/	/t/ is dropped
next day	/neks deɪ/	/t/ is dropped

Practice Tip

Listen carefully to native speakers — they often blend and drop sounds in everyday speech.

Ana dili İngilizce olan kişileri dinlerken, günlük konuşmada seslerin birleşip düştüğüne dikkat edin.

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