Theme 6: Open Your Heart

Unit Vocabulary

Criticism & Responsibility

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
criticize	v.	/ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/	eleştirmek	You shouldn't criticize people without knowing the full story.
blame	v./n.	/bleɪm/	suçlamak, suç	Don't blame others for your own mistakes.
fault	n.	/fɔːlt/	hata, kusur	It was his fault that the project failed.
irresponsible	adj.	/ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/	sorumsuz	It was irresponsible of him to drive so fast.
careless	adj.	/ˈkeələs/	dikkatsiz	She was too careless with the experiment.
reckless	adj.	/ˈrekləs/	pervasız, düşüncesiz	His reckless driving could have caused an accident.
patient	adj.	/ˈpeɪʃənt/	sabırlı	You should have been more patient in the traffic jam.
alibi	n.	/ˈælɪbaɪ/	mazeret, kanıt (suç anında başka yerde olma)	The alibi he gave to the police turned out to be false.
suspect	n.	/ˈsʌspekt/	şüpheli, zanlı	The main suspect should have been questioned earlier.
interrogation	n.	/ɪnˌterəˈɡeɪʃən/	sorgu, sorgulama	During the interrogation, the witness changed his story.
come clean	idiom	—	itiraf etmek, gerçeği söylemek	He should have come clean about the mistake from the start.

Deduction & Certainty

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
certainly	adv.	/ˈsɜːtənli/	kesinlikle	He certainly must have forgotten about the meeting.
probably	adv.	/ˈprɒbəbli/	muhtemelen	She has probably gone to the library.
possibly	adv.	/ˈpɒsəbli/	belki, muhtemelen	He could possibly have taken the wrong bus.
evidence	n.	/ˈevɪdəns/	kanıt, delil	The evidence shows that he must have been at the scene.
conclusion	n.	/kənˈkluːʒən/	sonuç, vargı	Based on the facts, we can draw a conclusion.
assume	v.	/əˈsjuːm/	varsaymak	I assume he must have left early.
deduce	v.	/dɪˈdjuːs/	sonuç çıkarmak	From the clues, we can deduce what happened.
clue	n.	/kluː/	ipucu	The detective found an important clue at the crime scene.
unthinkable	adj.	/ʌnˈθɪŋkəbl/	düşünülemez, akıl almaz	It was unthinkable that such a kind person could have done it.
vendor	n.	/ˈvendər/	satıcı, seyyar satıcı	The street vendor must have seen the accident happen.

Emotions & Reactions

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
upset	adj.	/ʌpˈset/	üzgün, kızgın	She was very upset about the cancelled event.
furious	adj.	/ˈfjʊəriəs/	çok kızgın, öfkeli	He was furious when he heard the news.
disappointed	adj.	/ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/	hayal kırıklığına uğramış	We were deeply disappointed with the organization.
annoyed	adj.	/əˈnɔɪd/	rahatsız, sinirli	I was annoyed that they hadn't informed us earlier.
complain	v.	/kəmˈpleɪn/	şikâyet etmek	Many people complained about the poor service.
sympathy	n.	/ˈsɪmpəθi/	sempati, acıma	We feel great sympathy for the victims.
compassionate	adj.	/kəmˈpæʃənət/	şefkatli, merhametli	She is a very compassionate person who always helps those in need.
earth angels	n.	/ɜːθ ˈeɪndʒəlz/	yeryüzü melekleri	Volunteers who help after disasters are true earth angels.
hug	v.	/hʌɡ/	sarılmak, kucaklamak	She hugged the child tightly to comfort him.
humanity	n.	/hjuːˈmænəti/	insanlık	His selfless act restored our faith in humanity.
kindness	n.	/ˈkaɪndnəs/	iyilik, nezaket	A small act of kindness can change someone’s entire day.
be over the moon	idiom	—	çok mutlu olmak, sevinçten uçmak	She was over the moon when she heard the good news.
selflessly	adv.	/ˈselfləsli/	özverili bir şekilde, fedakârca	The firefighter selflessly risked his life to save the family.
get back	phV	/ɡet bæk/	geri dönmek, geri almak	He couldn’t get back the trust he had lost.

Past Modals for Criticism — should have / shouldn’t have + V3

Subject + should have + past participle (V3)

Sentence	Meaning
You should have done your homework.	Ödevini yapmalıydın. (ama yapmadın)
She should have been more careful.	Daha dikkatli olmalıydı. (ama değildi)
You should have been more patient.	Daha sabırlı olmalıydın.

Subject + shouldn’t have + past participle (V3)

Sentence	Meaning
He shouldn’t have driven so fast.	Bu kadar hızlı sürmemeliydi. (ama sürdü)
They shouldn’t have left the children alone.	Çocukları yalnız bırakmamalıydılar.

When do we use should have / shouldn’t have?

To criticize a past action — saying what was right or wrong

Geçmişteki bir eylemi eleştirmek için kullanılır.

I could have studied more for the exam. (= ability, but I didn’t)

Sınav için daha çok çalışabilirdim.

Past Modals for Deduction — must / may / might / could have + V3

Modal	Certainty	Example
must have + V3	very certain (90%+)	He must have sent the letter to a wrong address.
may have + V3	possible (50%)	She may have gone to downtown.
might have + V3	less certain (30%)	They might have missed the train.
could have + V3	possibility (30%)	He could have taken a different route.
can’t have + V3	impossible / very unlikely	She can’t have failed; she studied all week!

Deduction vs. Criticism

Deduction (must have): He must have left early. (= I’m almost sure he left)

Criticism (should have): He should have stayed longer. (= It was wrong to leave)

Deduction = geçmiş hakkında tahmin | Criticism = geçmiş hakkında eleştiri

A: Where is Ali? He’s not at school today.

B: He must have been ill. / He might have overslept.

Contraction of Past Modals — could’ve, should’ve, must’ve

Full Form	Contraction	Pronunciation	Example
could have	could’ve	/kʊdəv/	I could’ve been hurt more badly.
should have	should’ve	/ʃʊdəv/	You should’ve told me earlier.
would have	would’ve	/wʊdəv/	I would’ve helped if I had known.
might have	might’ve	/maɪtəv/	She might’ve gone home already.
must have	must’ve	/mʌstəv/	He must’ve forgotten his keys.