Theme 8: Digital Era

Unit Vocabulary

Technology & Innovation

Word	Turkish	Pronunciation	Example
complex (adj)	karmaşık	/kəmˈpleks/	Artificial intelligence is a very complex technology.
humanoid (n)	insansı (robot)	/ˈhjuː.mə.nɔɪd/	The company built a humanoid that can walk and talk like a human.
microscopic (adj)	mikroskobik, çok küçük	/ˌmaɪ.krəˈskɒp.ɪk/	Scientists use microscopic robots to deliver medicine inside the body.
prototype (n)	prototip, ilk örnek	/ˈprəʊ.tə.taɪp/	The engineer tested the prototype before mass production.
robotic (adj)	robotik, robot gibi	/rəʊˈbɒt.ɪk/	Factories now use robotic arms to assemble cars.
screenager (n)	ekran bağımlısı genç	/ˈskriːn.eɪ.dʒər/	Many teenagers today are called screenagers because they spend hours on their phones.

Internet & Digital Life

Word	Turkish	Pronunciation	Example
appropriate (adj)	uygun	/əˈprəʊ.pri.ət/	Make sure you share appropriate content on social media.
aware of (adj)	farkında	/əˈweər əv/	Are you aware of the dangers of sharing personal information online?
go online (v)	internete girmek	/ɡəʊ ɒnˈlaɪn/	I usually go online to check my emails in the morning.
responsibly (adv)	sorumlu bir şekilde	/rɪˈspɒn.sə.bli/	We should use the internet responsibly and respect others.
upload (v)	yüklemek (internete)	/ʌpˈləʊd/	She uploaded her project to the school website.
Wi-Fi hotspot (n)	kablosuz internet noktası	/ˈwaɪ.faɪ ˈhɒt.spɒt/	There is a free Wi-Fi hotspot at the café near our school.

Expressions & Phrasal Verbs

Expression	Turkish	Example
burn the midnight oil (idiom)	gece geç saatlere kadar çalışmak	He had to burn the midnight oil to finish the coding project.
come out of (phrv)	ortaya çıkmak, -den çıkmak	Many great ideas come out of teamwork and collaboration.
deny (v)	reddetmek, inkâr etmek	You can’t deny that technology has changed our lives.
drop off (phrv)	düşmek, azalmak	Internet speed tends to drop off during peak hours.
introvert (adj)	içe dönük	Some introvert people prefer chatting online to meeting face to face.
strangely (adv)	garip bir şekilde	Strangely, the robot started speaking without any command.

Celebrations: 23 Nisan

Word	Turkish	Pronunciation	Example
sovereignty (n)	egemenlik	/ˈsɒv.rən.ti/	National sovereignty belongs to the people without any condition.
parliament (n)	meclis, parlamento	/ˈpɑː.lə.mənt/	The Turkish Grand National Assembly (Parliament) was opened on 23 April 1920.
democracy (n)	demokrasi	/dɪˈmɒk.rə.si/	Atatürk dedicated 23 April to children as a symbol of democracy.
founder (n)	kurucu	/ˈfaʊn.dər/	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is the founder of the Republic of Turkey.
celebration (n)	kutlama	/ˌsel.əˈbreɪ.ʃən/	Children from all over the world join the celebrations on 23 April.
ceremony (n)	tören	/ˈser.ə.mə.ni/	There is a special ceremony at every school on National Sovereignty Day.

Grammar

Relative Clauses — who, which, that, where, when

What Are Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses give extra information about a noun. They start with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, where, when).

Who — for people

… noun + who + verb …

Examples

A screenager is a teenager who spends too much time on screens.

Screenager, ekranlarda çok fazla vakit geçiren bir gençtir.

The engineer who designed this robot won an award.

Bu robotu tasarlayan mühendis ödül kazandı.

Which — for things / animals

… noun + which + verb …

Examples

This is the app which helps students learn English.

Bu, öğrencilerin İngilizce öğrenmesine yardımcı olan uygulamadır.

The robot which can cook meals was shown on TV.

Yemek pişirebilen robot televizyonda gösterildi.

That — for people and things (informal)

Tip

That can replace both who and which in defining relative clauses.

Examples

The phone that I bought last week is already broken.

Geçen hafta aldığım telefon çoktan bozuldu.

The scientist that invented the prototype is from Turkey.

Prototipi icat eden bilim insanı Türkiye'den.

Where — for places

… place noun + where + subject + verb …

Examples

This is the laboratory where they build humanoid robots.

Burası insansı robotların yapıldığı laboratuvardır.

The café where I go online has a great Wi-Fi hotspot.

İnternete girdiğim kafenin harika bir kablosuz internet noktası var.

When — for times

… time noun + when + subject + verb …

Examples

I remember the day when we got our first computer.

İlk bilgisayarımızı aldığımız günü hatırlıyorum.

There was a time when people didn’t have smartphones.

İnsanların akıllı telefonlarının olmadığı bir zaman vardı.

Quick Reference Table

Pronoun	Used For	Example
who	people	The girl who uploaded the video is my friend.
which	things / animals	The tablet which I use is very fast.
that	people & things	The game that he plays is popular.
where	places	The school where I study has a computer lab.
when	times	The year when the internet was invented changed everything.

Cause/Effect Connectors — because, so, therefore

Because — gives the reason (cause)

Result + because + cause. / Because + cause, + result.

Examples

She failed the exam because she spent all night on social media.

Tüm gece sosyal medyada vakit geçirdiği için sınavı geçemedi.

Because robots can work 24/7, factories produce more goods.

Robotlar 7/24 çalışabildiği için fabrikalar daha fazla ürün üretiyor.

So — gives the result (effect)

Cause, + so + result.

Examples

The internet speed dropped off, so I couldn’t upload my homework.

İnternet hızı düştü, bu yüzden ödevimi yükleyemedim.

He is a screenager, so his parents are worried about his health.

O bir ekran bağımlısı, bu yüzden ailesi sağlığı konusunda endişeli.

Therefore — gives the result (formal)

Cause. + Therefore, + result.

Tip

Therefore is more formal than so. It usually comes at the beginning of a new sentence or after a semicolon.

Examples

Technology is changing rapidly. Therefore, we must use it responsibly.

Teknoloji hızla değişiyor. Bu nedenle, onu sorumlu bir şekilde kullanmalıyız.

Social media can be addictive. Therefore, parents should set time limits for children.

Sosyal medya bağımlılık yapabilir. Bu nedenle, ebeveynler çocuklara zaman sınırı koymalıdır.

Quick Comparison

Connector	Function	Position
because	gives the cause	mid-sentence or at the start
so	gives the effect	mid-sentence (after comma)
therefore	gives the effect (formal)	start of new sentence

Vocabulary Focus

Grammar Focus

Unit Vocabulary